How to Develop Leadership Skills Essay

Malaysia is one of the countries that practice democratic system. Many countries around the world practice democratic system such as United States, India, South Africa, Singapore, Australia, Canada, Japan and United Kingdom. In â€Å"Democratic Style,† (2008), the democratic leadership style means encouraging people to share their ideas, and then collect all the available information into the best possible decision. This leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making with the group members. This style of leadership includes discussion and sharing of ideas and encouragement of people to feel good about their involvement. The democratic leadership style is very open and collegial style of running a team. Leaders who practices democratic style can organize company effectively. To be a good leader, there are three ways to develop leadership skills in an organization through democratic style such as a leader should practice positive attitude, listen to other pe ople’s opinions and always motivate the subordinates. Firstly, a leader should practice positive attitude in the workplace. According to Robert & Christopher (2007), there are some positive attitudes that someone should practice as a leader. For example, he has to have an open mind. As an example, he would not easily punish the employees for their mistakes until he knows the reason. To explain more, one staff who comes late due to emergency care would not be punished. Therefore, a good leader should investigate first before make a decision. Another point is a good leader should also have a wisdom and confidence. Thus, he can make a good decision to lead the organization without doubts. For example, he must select which type of investment the company should choose. Therefore, he must be confidence to make this important decision to ensure the company’s success. In addition, a good leader should be a positive role model to subordinates. Besides, a leader as a role model in an organization can affect the attitude and give a positive impact to subordinates. The subordinates will follow the attitude that their leader shows to them. Secondly, in â€Å"3C’s of Exemplary Leadership,† (2012), a leader should listen to other people’s opinions because it is one of the criteria of a democratic leadership. In that case, a thoughtful leader should listen and accept the opinions of subordinates in order to share ideas. When the leader listens to employees’ opinion, they will appreciate more and feel like they are parts of team. In this way, a leader would gain more respect by subordinates. A good leader should not ignore and must respect the subordinates’ ideas because they will be hurt and think a leader is selfless. In addition, a leader should accept the opinions from subordinates and evaluate it with the committee members. In that case, having a committee member is important in order to make justful decision. This can be done through an evaluation form, suggestion box, and doing informal meeting every week. Moreover, a leader should not be too sensitive and he needs not only to listen to other people’s ideas but also their complaints. Therefore, a problem may be solved through their complaints. He must not be emotional; instead he should be wise to make a decision. Therefore, to be democratic leaders, they must to accept any opinion of subordinates to improve their leadership skills. Finally, to be a good motivator through the democratic style, a leader should motivate the subordinates. All employees must be motivated to work for a company or organization in doing daily tasks. If no motivation is present in an employee, their quality of work will deteriorate. According to Robert & Christopher (2007), a leader should provide motivation to encourage the subordinates to get into action. For example, a leader has to act professionally to help employees complete the task given by carefully organize and sequence the components of each task to be assigned for employees. One main responsibility in educating employees is to make instructions as clear and precise as possible. A leader should not get angry easily because employees need to train. Therefore, a leader must understand employees situation. Besides that, a good leader should reward their subordinates for their outstanding performances for they may establish certain reward. Rewards can be in the form of token or gift, be one-time bonuses or pay increments. In this way, employees will be appreciated and feel more motivated to work better. So, if good leaders want their employees to be good in all work, they must motivate their employees to achieve organizational excellence through the democratic leadership style. In conclusion, democratic style is one of the ways for an organization to succeed. The democratic style will enable the leader to maintain relationship with the subordinates. This leadership style is one of the most effective and it has created advanced productivity, better contributions from subordinates and boost group morale (Woods, 2010). It can also lead to betters ideas and creative solutions to certain problems. The democratic style train all staff in the company to communicate with each other, play a part and participate in the group’s discussion chaired by the leader. In short, a leader will be more responsible to perform his duty and lead the organization to succeed in the future through democratic style. Reference Cherry, Kendra. (Ed.). (n.d.).What is democratic leadership?.Retrieved August 1, 2012, fromhttp://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/f/democratic-leadership.htm Gill, Roger. (2006). Theory and practice of leadership. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Leadership styles: democratic leadership style. (n.d.). Retrieved August 1, 2012, fromhttp://www.leadership-toolbox.com/democratic-leadership-style.html Lussier, N. Robert, &Achua, F. Christopher. (2007). Effective leadership. United States: South-Western. Transformation Academy.(n.d.).3 C’s of exemplary leadership (even if you’re not the boss!).Retrieved August 1, 2012, from http://www.transformationacademy.com/?p=1651

Critical Incident Essay

It was a cold friday afternoon as I sat at the bus stop waiting to get home. I had just got out of an intense Friday lecture from the Northampton local Mosque. The Imam was furious and obviously disgusted at the behavior of our generation. â€Å"How do we live with ourselves† Imam Aseem Ibrahim had said. â€Å"Most of us have enough to feed ourselves and our family, even buy the latest gadgets just because we can but do we feed the poor? Do we clothed them?† He said in anger as he chocked on the words. The lecture kept on playing in my head as I waited for the bus. It made me realize, we could do some good with the money we spend on some unnecessary things especially the ones we buy for ourselves to please others. Earlier, I had planned on buying the new Manchester United away jersey, but with what the Imam said, I don’t think I need it anymore. I could use at least half the money to do good for others. Just as I drift on my thoughts, I noticed a fish and chips cart which reminded me of the breakfast and lunch I had missed. I had been staying up late studying that I forgot about a couple of meals. â€Å"Don’t starve yourself in the course of feeding others.† The Imam had said while giving his lectures. I starved myself but it wasn’t because I was trying to feed anybody, I was just trying to catch up on loss time. I got up and got myself some fish and chips then sat back at the bus stop seats. As soon as I had the first swallow, I realized I could help poor people by feeding them delicious food with a reasonable amount of money. The food was relatively cheap. I smiled and continued to enjoy. Halfway through my meal, I saw a little Indian boy with an elderly woman walking towards my direction. The boy smiled at me so I smiled and offered him my food. The little boy smiled again and shook his head. â€Å"Are you sure?’ He shook his head and stopped walking. â€Å"Alright then.† I went on with my meal. A few minutes later, the bus arrived and just as I motioned to get on it, the elderly woman furiously said some words to me in Hindu. I shrugged and got on the bus. When I arrived home, I found my roommate Taneem watching a Hindu movie. I noticed something weird as I watched a little with him. â€Å"Why is the subtitle saying yes while the woman keeps shaking her head?’ I asked. â€Å"Because shaking your head is to Indians as nodding your head is to us. She’s saying yes.† Taneem explained. Even though it was minutes after I had left the boy and the woman, I felt so embarrassed at what I did to the boy. My intentions were good, but it looked otherwise.

How to Choose a Content Management System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to Choose a Content Management System - Essay Example Overcomplicated, end-to-end packages can as much as quintuple site operational costs over human labor alternatives. Unfortunately, the breadth of many vendors' all too-inclusive 'silver-bullet solution' vision has left these companies struggling with platform lock-in, overengineered site infrastructures, exorbitant technical maintenance costs, and per-business-user costs averaging as much as $25,000 per year." Investing in this technology is not cheap; an enterprise-wide system such as Interwoven can cost over $300,0005 to purchase. Open-source solutions such as Zope may save on license fees but will have development and maintenance costs too. Common problems include overspending on the platform, poorly implemented search solutions6 and manually updating content - all of which undermines ROI and TCO. WebSideStory's paper addresses a real training need by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches to CMS implementation and identifying how to leverage the technology to add value to the business. The paper is positioned to inform and persuade the reader that internet-based subscription CMS will prove to have the lowest TCO and ROI of any of the 4 approaches for implementing CMS (manual, automated, subscription o

Threats to Forest Ecosystems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Threats to Forest Ecosystems - Assignment Example The Agenda 21 highlighted the need to alleviate poverty, change methods of production and consumption and addressing various issues to promote sustainable development. In this light let us review the efforts of some of the rich and poor countries of the world towards protecting our environment (Earth Summit, 1997). According to the National Atlas of the United States (2000), United States is a country rich with forests. About one-third of the country is covered with forests which comprise about 747 million acres of the land. Fortunately, to some extent, the country has been able to preserve its forests for the past 100 years. This has been primarily due to reversion of marginal farmland in the east, increased plantation in the south and control over forest fires. However, the country has faced problems due to urbanization, increased agriculture, reservoir construction and natural disasters. Approximately 48 lower states of America have experienced deforestation due to human interruption to such an extent that forests have lost their originality. With the increase in the population, there has been a significant loss of the original forest and the current situation shows that the century-old forest covers only 7% of the forest area. In the east, the forest covers about 384 million acres area and includes broadleaf and coniferous forests. In the west, the forest covers an area of 363 million acres of predominantly coniferous trees. A lot of forest area is owned by private people as well. About 10 million people own about 422 million acres of forest area (National Atlas of the United States, 2000). Nogueroun (2002) states that forests in the United States have played a major role in boosting the country’s economy. Forests are used for the production of timber and nontimber products such as medicinal herbs, berries, mushrooms. Timber industry relies totally on Forests.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 23

Assignment - Essay Example The better looking components of the GDP were housing, business investments in software and equipment and increased consumer spending. Consumer spending is a key element for the betterment of the economythis year as seen it augmented at a 2.2% rate as compared to 1.6% in the third quarter. This was most probably because the personal income had increased by 2.8 percent in December 2012 (bea.gov) 1c. According to the Federal Reserve officials the downfall in economic growth in the fourth quarter of 2012 seems to be mainly due to ‘weather-related disturbances and various other temporary factors. However budget tightening is also a leading factor in the economic fall this quarter such as military spending that went down at a rate of 22.2% (Mitchell, 2013). The situation is likely to move towards betterment as the consumers are becoming more confident as prices of homes is increasing which gives them a feeling of security. As companies in the U.S invest more in equipment and software and consumers spending power growing, the economic situation might get better in 2013. 1d. The U.S economy was in trough in 2009 but it seems now that currently it is just about to enter the expansion phase. With the all the positive energy of the economy experts and their hopes up we might just see a bright future after all. 2b. There have been many reasons for the increase in value of Euro. People are now much relaxed about the death of the currency as the crisis no longer seems to be a threat so investors are not selling the currency in exchange for the dollar. As the U.S economy seems to topple as seen in the fourth quarter of 2012, the Euro has gained strength since the report. 2c. An ascending Euro is very useful for the Euro zone countries for obvious reasons such as a strong economy. There also a disadvantage to a strong Euro; as the currency ascends it threatens the export industry as the trading partners find it over expensive. For more developed countries the

Poerty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poerty - Essay Example Because each speaker conveys a personal narrative of love being the main subject, Donne and Blake necessitate to use elements that are naturally felt and are symbolic of certain human characteristics as reflected by the beauty and brilliance of the shining sun whereas the difference between clod and pebble serves to embody the opposing traits of sincerity and conceitedness. Blake’s three-part â€Å"The Clod and the Pebble† opens with â€Å"Love seeketh not itself to please, / Nor for itself hath any care† which is apparently stated by the â€Å"little Clod of Clay† in some rhythm. The clod is personified as one that sings about a selfless kind of love and knows what true love means for it has been innumerably stepped on in life. As the narrator further confesses the clod to have been â€Å"Trodden with the cattle’s feet†, the clod’s filth and humble situation explicates a virtuous character that is trained to deal with hardships so that the knowledge and deed of love becomes the essence of life. To imagine, the clay merely accepts man’s heavy toil and severe actions that are normally difficult to bear as it allows itself to be utilized as base to hold moving feet, dwellings, and transport of everyday. Thus, the clod proceeds with â€Å"But for another gives it ease, / And builds a heaven in hellà ¢â‚¬â„¢s despair† to signify how it sincerely means for love to function on someone else’s sake in generous terms. This is in huge contrast to the attitude of â€Å"Pebble of the brook† that claims â€Å"Love seeketh only Self to please, / To bind another to its delight† for in its evil selfishness, it sees and cares not about welfare of others whose loss would even matter in the fulfillment of self-love. On the other hand, Donne’s â€Å"The Sun Rising† communicates the meaning and significance of love through a speaker who seemingly dares the sun to put his spirit to test as he expresses â€Å"Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime†. As though the might of his love

Analysis of an ethical dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of an ethical dilemma - Essay Example Instead, they pursued suspension pending the court’s ruling. While ethical and moral standards should be held important, a system of order reflected in the justice system should be adhered to before implementing a course of action. In establishing the importance of due process, it is not in anyway disregarding the rights of the animals which were cruelly disregarded in the case. This is primarily the ethical dilemma of weighing the importance between the rights of the animals and the right of the person accused of the crime. The position stated in this paper is not about choosing sides and is not about disregarding the nature of the crime. It is the upholding of the value of the equality of rights afforded to everyone who is considered innocent, unless proven guilty. In the end, the cause is better championed if the legal process was followed. Respect for life is a top agenda for human beings. The right to live with dignity has been afforded to an individual the moment he is born. A person should determine his purpose in life while growing up and not the other way around. No individual has the right to define or determine a purpose for another person before he is even born. It is the individual himself who has to right to decide on the direction he plans to take. The integrity of being human lies in the power of the person to direct himself and decide on his own. An individual is therefore accountable to himself for whatever harm or insult is inflicted upon him. This will only hold water if no outside force is involved in the infliction of harm. This outside force refers to other people with their own selfish, ulterior and deliberate motives. Having said all of these, are these concepts now applicable to animals? Are we not at the same level, being all products of creation? Animals like humans deserve the right to live and partake of the benefits of creation. Humans may be superior to animals in terms of intellect but

What Makes People Attractive to Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Makes People Attractive to Others - Essay Example This is because this is the prime age for young yet ambitious women to prepare themselves for the real world once they graduate. Attraction, having a subjective dimension to it, can have a physical association as well a far more deep attraction related to a person’s behavior. The preference of one over the other is dependent on specific situations and people young college women come across. Hence, it can’t be objectively defined. Therefore, this paper would discuss the essential aspects which make certain women attractive to others. Physical attraction plays an important part when interacting with people of your own age, especially people of the opposite gender. Women, aiming to be popular in their college and elsewhere are at an advantage when blessed with attractive features. Studies have shown that symmetrical features in women attract men. â€Å"A possible cause of that fluctuating asymmetry is exposure to oxidative stress in the womb which interferes with proper d evelopment. The embryo requires energy to develop properly† (Independent Digital News and Media).Therefore, college going women with perfectly symmetrical features, who have been properly nourished even when in the womb, are highly likely to grab men’s attention. Moreover, college women searching prospective dating partners should abandon the cliched playing â€Å"hard to get† attitude as verified by a bbc research. College women are attracted to those that are hard to get for others but easy to get for them. This is further supported by the â€Å"selective difficulty† theory (Science: Human Body & Mind). Some studies have shown that men are especially attracted to women with a low hip ratio – small waists, large hips and long legs (Feng). Therefore, young women can groom themselves to have the above mentioned physical qualities to attract men towards them. Moreover, elements such as behavior and personality can be attractive too, but popularly seco nd in preference. Mostly, selfless or altruistic behavior attracts men towards women. Hence, in one’s dealings it is preferable to have a selfless demeanor. Furthermore, according to a study women who are more interactive and seen more have a higher probability of attracting attention as compared to those who hardly take interest in their surroundings. Richard Moreland and Scott Beach (1992) demonstrated this affect by arranging groups of four women in college classrooms(Smith and Diane).Women who were seen more often were found more attractive to the college mates rather than the ones who attended fewer classes. The more, philanthropic, caring and altruistic you are, the more attractive you seem to others. This holds true for women as well. With regards to personality characteristics that attract people, the individuality of a person which makes her stand out attracts attention (Smith and Diane) Furthermore, Eliott Aronson, a social psychologist at Stanford University, sugge sts based on research that people who feel they are attractive - though not necessarily rated as such - are just as successful as their counterparts who are judged to be good-looking (Feng). This shows that self-confidence is also a means of attracting other people. Therefore, college going ladies who want to be successful by attracting people are recommended to have faith in themselves. This is applicable mostly when going for internship interviews and while attempting to attract the instructors’ attention during class presentations in colleges. According to a study by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, good looking people make more money than ordinary looking people (Secrets of

Industry Analysis Paper (on Resturant business) Essay - 1

Industry Analysis Paper (on Resturant business) - Essay Example ides employments and career opportunities for thousands of people (Urban Justice Center, â€Å"Behind the Kitchen Door: Pervasive Inequality in New York City’s Thriving Restaurant Industry†). New York is regarded as the ‘restaurant capital of the world’. Restaurants are located in almost everywhere in the New York City. There were almost 15,000 food service places as of the year 2002 and the number is growing extensively. According to industry report, in 2002, among top 100 highest revenue earning restaurants in the United States, 24 were situated in New York City (Urban Justice Center, â€Å"Behind the Kitchen Door: Pervasive Inequality in New York City’s Thriving Restaurant Industry†). In the year 2008, New York had almost 13,249 restaurants which signify 25% increase compared to the year 2000, in which there were only 10,363 restaurants. The significant growth of restaurants in New York was characterized by Manhattan City. The majority of restaurants in New York are based on Manhattan City. Yet, Queens and Brooklyn had also experienced tremendous growths in restaurant business since 2000. The percentage of increases in restaurants in Queens and Brooklyn were 34 and 37 respectively from 2000–2008. The following table describes the concentration of restaurants throughout New York City from 2000–2008: In addition to food services, the restaurants also provide alcoholic drinks, nontheatrical entertainments, fast food services, snack bars, nonalcoholic brews, canteens and buffets (Center for Urban Research, â€Å"Employment in New York City Restaurants†). The economic structure of any industry determines the success or failure of any business. The Porter’s Five Forces model is a basis for examining industry and developing business strategy accordingly. Porter’s model is based on the forces of micro-environment which impact on organizations’ businesses. According to Michael Porter, there are five micro-environmental forces which are extensively used

The advantages of farming over hunting and gathering Essay Example for Free

The advantages of farming over hunting and gathering Essay Even thought farming is harder than hunting and gathering, there are many advantages in farming. Farmers can produce more food then hunters and gatherers can gather. Farming lets people have a steady food supply all year long. Farmers usually have surplus, so they can have bigger families then the hunters and gatherers. Farmers dont have to travel like the hunters and gatherers; they have a settled life, they dont have to travel, and they take up less space. Farmers can live almost anyplace where the soil is fertilized. Farmers dont have to farm all day; they can work as something else (such as a craftsperson). Farmers can produce a lot of food. They have a surplus so they can have a steady balance of food. Hunters and gatherers cant have a surplus so they dont always have a steady food supply all year. Farmers can have many children because they have a surplus of food. Even if hunters and gatherers wanted to have many children they wouldnt be able to because they wouldnt be able to feed them. Because farmers produce their food they dont have to move. Farmers dont have to move so they take up less space. Hunters and gatherers who hunt for their food have to move when food gets scarce. Hunters and gatherers have to hunt for food so they have to work all day. The farmers can spend some their time farming and use the rest of their time to become a toolmaker, a builder, a fisher, a craftsperson, a priest, leader, etc. These four ways prove that between farming and hunting gathering farming has an advantage.

The role language plays in teaching and learning

The role language plays in teaching and learning The role that language plays in the teaching and learning of mathematics is one of some of the important debates in the current literature in mathematics education. In this chapter, I review literatures related to this study, giving particular attention to the manner in which teachers engage students in the exploration of mathematical concepts and procedures, in order to explore different and existing kinds of patterns of interaction observed in multilingual mathematics classroom in South Africa. Aspects reviewed include the following sub-headings: Linguistic situation in South Africa; Teaching and learning mathematics in multilingual classrooms in South Africa; Does language impact teaching and learning of mathematics? And the role of the teacher and Learner participation in classroom discourse. LITERATURE REVIEW Linguistic situation in South Africa Post-apartheid South Africas new constitution of 1993/1996 embraced language as a human right and multilingualism as a national resource, raising major African languages to national official status alongside, English and Afrikaans (Hornberger Vaish, 2009). This has led to multicultural student populations in classrooms, schools and universities nationwide. The Language in education policy that was adopted in 1997 recognises all eleven official languages. According to this policy, learners have the right to study in any of the official languages of their choice (Department of Education, 1997). According to Hornberger Vaish (2009), South African scholars have documented ideologies favouring English in Black African communities of South Africa. She further claims that Zulu, Xhosa or other Black parental demands for English-medium instruction for their children are fuelled by the perception and reality of English as language of power; parents are simultaneously drawn to English by it h egemonic status and away from mother tongue education by a deep suspicion born of apartheid. I have seen in my experience as a learner and a teacher, parents taking away their kids from townships schools to former Model C schools where English is the most dominant language. The study done by Setati (2008), revealed that learners and teachers preferred English as the language of learning and teaching (LolT) and that learners and teachers choice of language was informed by the fact that English provides access to social goods such as higher education, employment, etc. Teaching and learning mathematics in multilingual classrooms in South Africa Previous and current studies on teaching and leaning in multilingual classrooms have indicated that teaching and learning in multilingual classroom is very complex. Barwell (2009) describes multilingual classrooms by saying these classrooms are considered to be multilingual if two of more languages are used overtly in the conduct of classroom business. And mathematics classrooms are also considered to be multilingual if students use two or more languages to do mathematics. There is a continuing debate regarding which language should be used for teaching mathematics in multilingual classrooms in which neither the teachers nor the learners main language is English which is the LoLT in their schools (Setati, Molefe Langa, 2008). This is typical situation in South African classrooms; teachers and learners come to classrooms with different levels of proficiency in two or more languages other than English and yet are not proficient in English. The research done by Setati, Chitera Essien (2009) shows that teachers in these classrooms face a major task of having to teach mathematics and English at the same time, while learners have to cope with learning mathematics, as a discipline of knowledge and also as a way of communicating, in English, a language that they are still learning. This research also claims that this places additional demands on mathematics teachers in multilingual classrooms and their learners who learn mathematics in a language that is not their home language. Does language impact teaching and learning of mathematics? The importance and the impact of language in learning and teaching of mathematics has long been acknowledged by the research literature (Howie 2002, 2003, 2004; Boulet 2007; Essien 2010; Barwell 2009; Setati 2008). Based on her analyses of the poor performance of South African learners in the mathematics component of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), Howie (2002, 2003, 2004) suggested that the key factor responsible for the poor performance by South African learners was due to the low proficiency in English language and she suggested a solution to this could only be to develop the learners English language proficiency. Furthermore she argues that pupils who speak the language that is used in assessments more frequently, are likely to attain higher scores on mathematics. And if their language proficiency is higher, the learners are likely also to attain higher scores in Mathematics. Say more The role of the teacher and Learner participation in classroom discourse Current curriculum initiatives in mathematics call for the development of classroom communities that take communication about mathematics as a central focus. In these proposals, mathematical discourse involving explanation, argumentation, and defence of mathematical ideas becomes a defining feature of quality classroom experience (Anthony Walshaw, 2008). According to Boulet (2007) researchers in mathematics education agree and encourage teachers to involve learners in mathematical discussions, as communication is essential to the learning of mathematics. Specifically from the perspective of mathematics learning, by articulating the principles, concepts and rationale behind the steps of a particular problem solution, students have the opportunity to reinforce and deepen their understanding of higher-level knowledge structures in mathematical content. Furthermore, Moschokvich (1999) maintains that the important functions of productive classroom are uncovering the mathematical content in student contribution and bringing different ways of talking and point of views into contact. She further explains that in many mathematics classrooms, students are no longer primarily grappling with acquiring technical vocabulary, developing comprehension skills to read and understand mathematics textbooks or solving standard word problems. But students are now expected to participate in both verbal and written practice such as explaining solution process, describing conjectures, proving conclusions and presenting arguments. However, there are difficulties or drawbacks that can make it difficult for communication to run smoothly in classrooms. This can definitely prevent learners from accessing important aspects and concepts of mathematics or voicing their ideas. Most of our learners are not speaking English as their first language, whereas English is used as a medium of instruction in our schools, therefore a focus on correction of vocabulary or grammatical errors in what students say and the variety of ways that students who are learning English do can become problematic in learners mathematics acquisition. Now, the question is what do teachers do or can do in situations like this, to ensure and encourage learner participation in classroom? New curricula demands a lot from teachers. Worldwide, policy makers are placing increasing demands on schools and their teachers to use effective research-informed practices. The study done by Essien (2010) reveals that, in any classroom, the teacher plays a key role in the management of the communication in the classroom. He further argues that well-structured questions (unlike procedural questions requiring procedural answers) can provoke extended dialogue in the classroom, thereby creating opportunity for meaningful participation by learners. Furthermore, the study shows that the teachers ability to draw on learners linguistic resource: one of which is structuring questions to allow learners to sufficiently express their thinking, is therefore important in creating a classroom environment where learners are effectively participating in the creation of and fostering of their own knowledge. Walshaw Anthony (2009) maintain this by arguing that effective teachers facilitate classroom dialogue that is focused towards mathematical argumentation. They elaborate more on this by saying that students need to be taught how to articulate sound mathematical explanations and how to justify their solutions. Furthermore, encouraging the use of oral, written and concrete representation, effective teachers model the process of explaining and justifying, guiding students into mathematical conventions. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this study, I use the work of Jina and Bridie (2008) as a theoretical framework to take the work on patterns of interaction observed in South African classrooms further by explaining learner participation and teacher-learner interaction in classroom discourse. The motive behind the choice of this theoretical framework is that this study was done in South African schools on the topic: Teacher questions and patterns of interactions in the new and old curriculum. The study reveals that two patterns of interaction emerged, namely, funnelling and leading through a method. This study also expanded more on teacher questioning and how teacher questions can support learners thinking. Chin (2006) supports this argument by saying that questioning is a prominent feature of classroom talk. Teacher questioning should be in such a way that elicit what learners think, to encourage them to elaborate on their previous answers and ideas, to help learners construct conceptual knowledge. Thus, questioning is used to diagnose and extend learners ideas and to scaffold learners thinking. Campbell Erdogan (2008) claim that teacher questions can disrupt the flow of what is going on in the learners mind, so that the learners attention can be focused on instructional objectives. However, they claim that if used appropriately, teachers questions can engage learners in the vicinity of instructional objectives, help move instructional objects to the forefront of students attention, and promote learner translation and processing of instructional objectives. However, the deficiency of this study is that it does not take the forms of listening the teacher uses during classroom discourse. As I have discussed in chapter 1 of this study that, Davies (1997) outlines three forms of listening, and further argues that listening is a very powerful tool and should be used to foster teaching and learning of mathematics. Listening to others explanations gives learners opportunities to develop their own understandings. By listening to others, learners can become aware of alternative perspectives and strategies. Concluding remarks In this study I have discussed the difficulties of learning and teaching mathematics in multilingual classrooms. As Setati and Adler (2001) claim: There are numerous, distinct mathematical discourses that require navigation at the same time. Moving between language and discourses in moments of practice is significant challenge for mathematics education research and practice. These arise out of the South African context and have specific relevance in the current educational debates in South Africa. Multilingual mathematics classrooms are, however, an increasing urban phenomenon in many other counries. (p.244) Little is known about how educators experience and implement a new curriculum and instruction in contrast to what they used to know and apply. It remains uncertain what kinds of teacher knowledge are necessary to support and facilitate learning mathematics in a setting where main language of the teacher and pupils differs and where the language of instruction and teaching methods makes it difficult for mathematical discourses that promote conceptual understanding.

The Fatal Jet Ski Ride :: Memoir Essays

The Fatal Jet Ski Ride Walking down the cold, white, hospital hall, my mind was racing a million miles an hour. How could she be dead? Two people in two days...what are the chances? We rounded the corner, my cousin Daniele holding on to me as hard as she could, me gripping her arm to keep myself in pace. There she was, Pam Doan, her body I should say, lying there under that white sheet. Pam, was my cousin's best friend, and mine too, for the fourteen days I'd been there. Two weeks earlier I had arranged for my boyfriend, Charles, to come pick me up and take me back with him to Bridgeport, Nebraska to stay with my Aunt Annie, Uncle Gaylen and my cousins Casey, 18 and Daniele, 15. I arrived there June 23rd, 2002, the day after my 17th birthday. The first few days consisted of Daniele teaching me how to drive her car, seeing how I didn't have one of my own there, and she couldn't drive yet. I had never driven a stick shift before, and it was a pretty comical experience for the both of us. But once I had mastered it, we drove all over that little town. Just Daniele, Pam and I. Pam was 17 also, looking forward to her 18th birthday in November. Our days started routinely. Daniele and I getting up and showering, convincing her dad to take the boat out to the town lakes so we could go tubing and water skiing. Meeting Pam out there and the three of us spending all day in our swimsuits getting tan and sore from riding those damn tubes around the lakes. A few trips here and there into town to my aunt's mexican restaurant to get some food. Then it was back into the shower as we got ready to go out for the night. There were places to go and people to meet. I met my cousin's ex-boyfriend, Aron, and his friend Kyle. Then there was "Perv", whose real name I haven't a clue. At one social gathering, Daniele and I were having a conversation with a couple of guys, one who was Aaron Houston and the other was Stuart Klassen, who will always be known to Daniele and I as "Possum". Then along came the 4th of July weekend that will haunt me forever. My uncle took their family camper out to the lakes and Daniele and I took turns with her brother, Casey, staying out there.

The Role of Sugar and Insulin in Weight Gain Essay -- Health Nutrition

The Role of Sugar and Insulin in Weight Gain The Atkin’s diet is one of the most popular diets that emphasizes weight lose in a short amount of time without the need for exercise. Patients under the diet need to consume foods that are high in fat and protein such as cheeses, hamburgers, bacon and heavy creams. Foods that are high in starches and sugar are not to be consumed within the diet because they will affect the two main causes of weight gain within the body. The two main causes of weight gain are high concentration levels of sugar and insulin within the body. To decide which cause can increase weight gain can difficult decision to decipher. As one of the main external causes of obesity and overweight, the level of sugar within the body is based on the amount of sugar concentration within the body’s bloodstream. Sugar concentration found within the body is usually attained from the consumption of food, such as sweets, fruits, bread, pasta and grain. The sugar from the food consumption is broken down by the body in order to give energy for the body which allows it to function. The energy broken down from the sugar is used to help the body to carry on with daily functions such as moving or thinking. In comparison to the sugar level, insulin is an internal cause of weight gain. Insulin is a hormonal substance that is produced and dispersed within the body in order to regulate the flow of blood sugar through the conversion of sugar molecules into energy. The energy converted from the sugar molecules are either needed immediately for the body or fat cells. Fat cells are sugar molecules stored within the body for use at a time when the body needs more energy to function. Fat cell... ...d 1. S. Warshaw, H. (2004, July). The Diabetes Food Pyramid: Starches. Retrieved November 7, 2004 from http://www.diabetes.org/nutrition-and-recipes/nutrition/starches.jsp 2. Mehta, P., & Mehta, P. (n.d.). Blood Sugar, Low Blood Sugar or High Blood Sugar. Retrieved November 14, 2004. http://www.fatfreekitchen.com/blood-sugar.html 3. R. Hertzler, S. & Kim, Y. (2003). Glycemic and Insulin responses to different types of energy bars. Glycemic and insulinemic responses to energy bars of differeing macronutrient composition in healthy adults, 9(2). Retrieved November 17, 2004, from http://www.MedSciMonit.com/pub/vol_9/no_2/3230.pdf 4. Berland, T. & Consumer Guide. (1974). Rating the Diets. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company 5. R. Eades, M. & D. Eades, M. (1996). Protein Power. New York: Bantam Books

Article Critique Genetically Modified Food Essay

The article by Amin, Jahi and Nor was conducted in Malaysia to find out the stakeholders attitude to genetically modified foods and medicine (1). In particular, the investigators were interested to know the attitude towards GM insulin/medicine, GM palm oil and GM soybean. They designed the study as a survey with 1017 respondents. They found that the Malaysian stakeholders are cautious about the genetically modified foods. They agreed that genetically modified foods have perceived benefits but at the same time they were concerned about the moral aspects and risks associated with the GM Foods. A closer analysis revealed difference stakeholders attitudes towards GM foods. Title The title â€Å"stakeholders attitude to genetically modified foods and medicine† was precise and clearly thought out. Readers are well informed of what to expect as they engage with the study findings. However, the title missed on the study area. A good title must inform readers where the study is conducted. Abstract The researchers adopted non structure abstract. They were able to point out the background leading to the study, the purpose of survey, research approaches they used trough the study and the findings. With regard to this they managed to give a brief overview of the research Jones 2 and further letting readers know what their study entailed and what they found out. A structured abstract would have been more desirable as it enlists each of the study sections. However, depending with the journal requirements and authors’ interests they preferred non structured abstract to one that is structured. Purpose of the Study The investigators clearly pointed out the aim of the study. They assessed and compared the attitudes of the Malaysian stakeholders living in the Klang Valley towards genetically modified insulin, palm oil and soybeans. This was influenced by the findings from the other studies. For instance, other studies revealed that the advancement in technology led to increased production of GM Foods. In addition, they found that biotechnology is one of the five major technologies that are planned to speed industrialization in Malaysia. However, owing to the divisive debate on genetically modified foods, the researchers saw the need for this study. Therefore, it has clear cut intent of telling where Malaysians attitudes leans and what measures should be put in place to better their attitude. Research Approaches The investigators adopted a well defined research approach. They designed the study as a survey which was conducted from June, 2004 to February, 2005. The sample size was 107 respondents above 18 years. They were selected through stratification sampling which enabled the generalization of the findings and minimized biased that could result from sample selection. In addition, they collected the data through administering questionnaire and ensured that reliability and validity of the study are all accounted for. However, the researchers did not tell the readers how they met the ethical principles, especially principles of ethics of beneficence and Jones 3 justice. They didn’t point out whether they consulted any ethical institution or whether they sought consent before recruiting the respondents. Results The study findings were consistent with the objective. The findings centered on six dimensions of the stakeholders attitudes including moral concerns, perceived benefits, familiarity, encouragement, risk acceptance and perceived risks. From the findings it was clear that majority of the stakeholders were not familiar with the three GM products. It was more surprising when the findings indicated that biology students were more familiar with the GM palm oil and GM soybeans than religious scholars. The findings further established that stakeholders are moderately concerned with the moral aspects of the GM products, moderately perceive the products as risky and moderately perceive the GM products as beneficial. All the same they encouraged the use of the three products, with most stakeholders supportive of GM palm oil. These findings were consistent with the other studies. For instance, in China, study by Zhang et al. (19) indicated that consumers were not familiar with GM products yet domestic consumption of GM soybeans was about 18% of the interviewees that were consuming soybeans. In addition, the findings were consistent with earlier studies by ISAAA-UIUC (14-15) which found that Asians accept GM foods but at the same acknowledge the risks they pose to health. Based on these consistencies, the study met the rigor of trustworthiness, applicability and reliability. The conclusions were drawn from the study. The investigators concluded that the Malaysian stakeholders’ attitude on GM products was cautious. Indeed, this is in tandem with the findings that the stakeholders moderately perceive the GM products as both beneficial and Jones 4 detrimental to health. In addition the implications of the study were reported in the conclusion. They noted that the biotechnologists should assess the moral aspects, risks and benefits of the GM foods and thereafter engage the public on acceptance of the products before considering commercialization of the products. However, the researcher failed to point out the limitations of the study as well as the areas that need further research. Work Cited Amin, Latifah; Jahi, Jamaluddin and Nor Abd. â€Å"Stakeholders attitude to GM foods and medicine. The Scientific World Journal. 2013. Jones 5 International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) and University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC), â€Å"The social and cultural dimensions of agricultural biotechnology in Southeast Asia: public understanding, perceptions, and attitudes towards biotechnology in Phillipines†. ISAAA. Publications. Zhang, Xi; Huang, Jin; Qiu, Ha and Huang, Zheng. â€Å"A consumer segmentation study with regards to genetically modified food in urban China†. Food Policy. 35:5. 2010.

Executive and managerial planning for Bosch-Kazakhstan Essay

The founder of the Bosch Group, Robert Bosch , described an important value of the HR philosophy of the company:† It is my intention, apart from the alleviation of all kinds of suffering, to promote the moral, physical and intellectual development of the people† which is greatly integrated into the employee development in the Bosch. Based on the company international executive and managerial planning and country-specific situation, this article will plan and reason the number in a chart for the future eight-year executive and managerial planning in Kazakhstan. An action plan related to the managerial staffing target will be provided. The EMP of the Bosch Group for Kazakhstan, a country with relatively small population and only 4 percent of the population holds a university degree, met four main problems. 1) The labor market for qualified and specialists is very small. 2) The production sites are located in rural places which are hardly attractive to qualified employees. 3) There is growing demand of expatriates for the diesel site. 4) Russian is used in everyday business by most of the people in Kazakhstan. In order to resolve these problems, the human resource manager has to make a plan according to the Bosch employee development scheme. In Bosch, the first typical staffing policy is that the managerial promotion of employees is mainly from within Bosch rather than from outside. For this principal, most of the employees of the manager level in Kazakhstan should be expatriates. Second, the Bosch headquarter constructed a complete and functional promotion procedure for the development of employees called â€Å"manager development plan† (MDP). Employees with outstanding performance in Kazakhstan will be systematically prepared for the next management level. Third, the promotion is directly connected with mobility potential as well as willingness to take on international assignment. This means the work experience in Kazakhstan will be helpful to career advancement. As a result, in spite of the tough work condition in Kazakhstan, these international HR management policies facilitates not only on company business side but also on employees’ development side. Based on the policies and Kazakhstan specific situation, I develop an executive and managerial planning chart for future eight years. Executive and Managerial Planning Kazakhstan This chart is separated into two periods. The first four years from 2007 to 2010 which focus on the input stemming from growing business planning of the diesel division. The second four years from 2011 to 2014 is more stable and more succession planning. So you may see in the chart that staffing needs 2011-2014 are mainly due to replacement rather than further growth. Staffing sources, as a result, are mostly expatriates and local MDP members but not new hire from outside the company. For example, the middle managers 2011-2014 are mainly comprised of expatriates from headquarter or cross-division assignments and the local MDP members who are promoted from lower managers in 2007-2010 and no external hires for middle management because of no growth 2011-2014. Then I will analyze the staffing sources in detail for four main reasons: 1. External hires are mainly from qualified local people who meet the requirement of the lower management level, are familiar with local condition and have language strengths. At the same time, compare with the other sources, they are low cost. However, the qualified and specialists in Kazakhstan is very small, external hires are limited and not as many as expatriates in low management level. In order to solve this problem, we can hire people from Russia, located close to Kazakhstan and share the same business language. I set a few external hires in the middle management level 2007-2010 because there still has a few local talented people who have the same international managerial experience and more familiar with Kazakhstan’s culture and situations. 2. All of junior managers  (JUMP) are set in lower management level. Since the case mentioned that the goal of the program is to recruit junior managers with the potential to assume a middle management position in 6-8 years. They stay in Kazakhstan for about six-month (short-term) to train a common set of worldwide standards, experiences and activities and then go back to Germany. 3. For local MDP members who show an above-average development potential and have already been familiar with both local environment and company cores are more likely to get the position of middle and upper management level than of lower management level. The target of the MDP candidates is to promote into the next management level in no more than four years (long-term). Some of the local MDP members in middle management level 2011-2014 are from those of lower management level 2007-2010. For upper management level, local MDP members are the ideal choices for all aspects such as capability, experience and environment familiarity. 4. Because labor market for qualified and specialists in Kazakhstan is very small and the rural locations hardly attract local employees, more expatriates are needed than other sources in lower management level. For example, it is a good opportunity for associates and supervisors who performed well from headquarter and divisions to gain managerial experience outside. In addition, expatriates show more loyalty to the company which is good for organizational control. Expatriates stay in Kazakhstan at least eighteen-month (middle-term) to meet the demand of technical shortage. However, they are not the best person for upper level because of the language and familiarity concerns. Action plan 1) External hires: qualified employees from local and neighbor states In order to attract local employees as many as possible, the Bosch can offer them higher compensation compared with local companies. Local candidates can also attend training with other expatriates to broaden their vision. In addition, due to the little mobility, local employees are more suitable for long-term work in their home country. Personnel exchange to other country is not necessary. 2) Programs (JUMP): According to talent management policy, the target for junior managers’ work in Kazakhstan is to increase their managerial skills and experience. Six-month rotation arrangement for each batch of JUMP is preferred. In my  plan, about two to three junior managers will be transferred to Kazakhstan semi-annually within future eight years. Training focusing on managerial practice and work under middle managers should be provided for the purpose of worldwide standards. 3) Local MDP members: Most of local MDP members are from Germany who had outstanding performances in headquarter and worked in Kazakhstan for couple of years. They need to stay in Kazakhstan for about four years (long-term) in order to promote into the next management level. Culture awareness programs and language training are necessary before the international assignment. 4) Expatriates: employees and managers from headquarter and divisions A majority of these expatriates are assigned due to technical, process expertise and management experience. For the first four years, part of the personnel needs is due to the fast growth of diesel division. Expatriates have to stay in Kazakhstan for 3 years. For the smooth transition, new expatriates to Kazakhstan should be separated into small batches to match the expatriates’ return and retirement. After assignment’s completion, they will go back to headquarter or their home countries. Culture awareness programs and language training are provided in advance.

Social Media and Violence

Why are so many young people turning to prescription drugs to get high? By survey, almost 50% of teens believe that taking prescription drugs is much safer than using illegal street drugs. Prescription drug abuse is a major issue that does not seem to be moving towards a solution. There's a reason why prescription drugs are intended to be taken under a doctor's direction if people don’t use them as they are to be taken, they can be extremely dangerous. Despite what many people think, abusing prescription drugs is not safer than abusing illicit drugs.The facts do state that prescription drugs can have dangerous short and long-term health consequences when used incorrectly or by someone other than they were intended for. Medicines are drugs that are intended to speed up or slow down or change something about the way your body is working, to try to make it work better. Sometimes they are necessary. But they are still drugs: they act as stimulants or sedatives, and too much can ki ll you. So if you do not use medicines as they are supposed to be used, they can be as dangerous as illegal drugs.People take drugs because they want to change something in their lives. Here are some of the reasons young people have given for taking drugs: * To fit in * To escape or relax * To relieve boredom * To seem grown up * To rebel * To experiment Young people think drugs are a solution. But eventually the drugs become the problem. To some it may be difficult to face problems, the consequences of drug use are always worse than the problem a person is trying to solve with them. The real answer is to get the facts and not to take drugs in the first place.Something that is not known by most young people is the risk they are taking by consuming these highly potent and mind altering drugs. Long term use of painkillers can lead to dependence, even for people who are prescribed them to relieve a medical condition but eventually get caught up in an addiction. In many cases, the dange rs of painkillers don’t surface until it is too late. In 2007, abuse of the painkiller Fentanyl killed more than 1,000 people. The drug was found to be thirty to fifty times more powerful than heroin. Association, 2012) Prescription painkillers are powerful drugs that interfere with the nervous system’s transmission of the nerve signals we perceive as pain. Most painkillers also stimulate portions of the brain associated with pleasure. So, while blocking pain, they produce a high. The most powerful prescription painkillers are called opioids. They are manufactured to react on the nervous system in the same way as drugs made from the opium poppy, like heroin. The most commonly abused opioid painkillers include oxycodone- is the number one abused prescription drug and has the greatest dangers.It is as powerful as heroin and affects the nervous system the same way, hydrocodone, meperidine, hydromorphone and propoxyphene. (htt2) According to the National Center on Addictio n and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, teens who abuse prescription drugs are twice as likely to use alcohol, five times more likely to use marijuana, and twelve to twenty times more likely to use illegal street drugs such as heroin, ecstasy and cocaine than teens who do not abuse prescription drugs. (Association, 2012)What is our government doing to help? In 2011 the Obama Administration with the help of the National Drug Control Strategy came up with a prescription drug abuse prevention plan and is as follows. * Education. A crucial first step in tackling the problem of prescription drug abuse is to educate parents, youth, and patients about the dangers of abusing prescription drugs, while requiring prescribers to receive education on the appropriate and safe use, and proper storage and disposal of prescription drugs. * Monitoring.Implement prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) in every state to reduce â€Å"doctor shopping† and diversion, and enhance PDMPs t o make sure they can share data across states and are used by healthcare providers. * Proper Medication Disposal. Develop convenient and environmentally responsible prescription drug disposal programs to help decrease the supply of unused prescription drugs in the home. * Enforcement. Provide law enforcement with the tools necessary to eliminate improper prescribing practices and stop pill mills. (htt4)Prescription drug addiction is a huge problem and appears to be growing. All people of life are affected by prescription drug abuse. Drug abuse in any form is a very serious issue and should be addressed as quickly as possible. http;//kidshealth. org/teen/drug_alcohol/drugs/prescription_drug_abuse. html http://www. theantidrug. com/drugabuse/prescription-drug-rx-abuse/default. aspx http://www. whitehouse. gov/ondcp/prescription-drug-abuse Association, A. p. (2012). School Librarian's Workshop, 32(4), 6. In Dealing with drugs.

Criminal Justice System Structures Human Behaviour

â€Å"Law structures and guides human behaviour in a variety of ways: through the content of the rules it makes, the way its officials behave, and/or the severity of the penalties it imposed on those who do not conform to its requirements. †(Hay, 2004) In this essay, I will examine to what extent does the Canadian Criminal Justice System structures human behaviour, and whether or not this behaviour portrays itself to reflect the values of the official version of law.I will examine how the differences in behaviour, practices and priorities of each player in the criminal justice system conflicts with one another, and whether it contradicts or reflects the values of the official version of law. The official version of law is very significant to all aspects of the criminal justice system because the degree to which the system reflects these values tells us whether the system is just. The first case I observed was at Old City Hall, mental health court, room 102. The accused in this case was a homeless middle aged woman who had attempted to push a woman and her baby onto the subway train tracks.The judge, who was wearing a red sash, was sitting at an elevated position in the court, and the accused was sitting in the witness stand. The counsels were asking her questions, in order to come to a decision on whether she is eligible to be released back into society. The availability of a surety was discussed; the defence explained that the accused has no due to the fact that she has no relatives. The defence also argued how the accused does not have any previous encounters with the Criminal Justice System, which should be taken into account when considering her release.The defence’s language was very professional, and she spoke to the judge with the highest respect, referring to her as your Honour or your Majesty. The Crowns language was very professional as well, however I found her attitude was somewhat rude, and her tone was very impolite. However, the Cro wn was very stern with her arguments and effectively attacked every claim the defence. When it came to making a decision, the judge stated how she did not have any primary or tertiary grounds in concern to her release.The most concern was under secondary ground concerns considering the serious allegations. The judge decided that the Crown had met the onus considering that there was insufficient release plans, and her psychiatric analysis claims that the accused is a danger to society. Another case I observed was a bail hearing, which was lead by a Justice of the Peace, which I noticed because she was wearing a green sash. When I walked in, the accused (black male) was sitting in the accused box, and there was a witness being questioned on the witness stand, who was a potential surety.The Crown was asking the witness why he feels he is an eligible surety, and how does he plan on assuring that the accused does not further engage in criminal behaviour. The witness said how if the accus ed did not abide by the conditions given he would go to jail for the accused. The Crown explained the witness that that was not legally feasible. The Crown and the witness discussed that if he was granted surety of the accused, and if the accused did not follow his bail conditions the witness would have to sell his car in order to pay the $10, 000 sureties.While this was going on I noticed that the defence attorney would constantly go over and speak to the accused and whisper in his ear. At one moment the Crown walked out to answer a phone call. I found this to be very informal and disrespectful to the courts. However, the call was concerning the case. What I found interesting about this case was how the witness advocated for the accused, and the remarks he was making. The witness expressed that the accused is aware of what he has done, and would like to be a law abiding citizen and have a good place in society once given the chance too.He also stated how the accused feels like a ta rget in regards to police practices and how they have racially profiled the accused, and that it reflects how the system is unjust. The crown felt that the witness was making excuses for the accused, and asked the witness about his knowledge of the police and the courts, and how they play different roles in the system. The crown also asked if the witnesses’ cousin who happens to be the accused pregnant girlfriend is actually a blood cousin, or a term used to define a close friend.The court setting is presented as an adversarial system, which relies on the dispute between each advocate representing his/her party’s positions and involves an impartial person trying to determine the truth of the case (September 22nd 2009). The ability for this adversarial system to function effectively in court, while embracing the fundamental aspects of the law is very important to how the law presents itself. I was able to observe an adversarial system of dispute taking place in the firs t case, when the adversary parties were disputing whether or not the accused was psychologically fit for release.The Crown attorney stressed how she was not mentally stable to be released back into society. The Crown’s behaviour in her strong arguments and stern attitude reflected the aspect that the role of the prosecutor is to protect the best interest of the public. The defence attorney argued in defence for her client stating that the accused has not had any previous encounters with the criminal justice system in all her years, and that it was a mitigating circumstance that may not happen again. The defence was using any means that she could to succeed on the accused getting released.This portrays how the behaviours and priorities of each officer of the court conflict with one another because they have their own objectives to fulfill in order to portray that they are administrating justice equally and legitimately, as a reflection to the values of the official version of law. Throughout my observations I looked for, but was unable to come across a non-adversarial system in the courtroom. Within an adversarial system, a ‘morality play’ takes place, where each player in the courtroom plays a significant role.Their interactions present what story the laws says about itself to the public, and teaches the public an ideological lesson between right and wrong, where right most commonly prevails (September 22nd 2009). The players in the court include: a judge, a crown attorney and a defence attorney. As I have observed the judge sits at an elevated position in the courtroom, and the adversary officials are positioned on each side of the courtroom. A regular player in the court is the Crown attorney, who represents the power of the state, the Queen.Their objective is not focused on winning the case; they remain impartial and focus on finding the truth, and protecting the best interest of the public. Another player in the court is the defence att orney, who is not impartial; they represent those who are accused of crimes, and they are not impartial because their objective is to win the case. I was able to observe how a morality play was taken place because the prosecutor advocated that what person in their right mind would attempt to push a woman and her infant onto the subway tracks and would be released back into society without any rehabilitative treatment.The prosecutor requested that if she were to be released that she must be appointed to a new psychiatrist that she must refer to frequently. This was an example of a morality play considering that the prosecutor formed an ideology of this woman and that she was mentally unstable. Considering that the accused was a homeless woman, whom I have personally seen in the subway cars begging for money, this would lead the public to believe that any homeless person who begs for money must be someone who is mentally unstable, when in actuality this may not be entirely true.The co nflict that arises in the outcome of morality plays is that certain ideologies would be imposed in the public’s perspective against certain groups, which reinforce the targeting of these groups. This portrays how practices, behaviours and priorities produce systemic discrimination against certain groups which contradicts the official version of law in its claim to be blinded by difference, in order to balance and weigh justice evenly amongst all citizens.This makes one question that despite the incentive of the criminal justice system is to administrate justice evenly, does it work in specific ways that may disregard the official version of law, but it is disguised by laws and practices which seem to justify these unjust distributions of law to occur. Another important aspect of this question is how well does the court portray balance within the system, and how does this balance effect the public’s confidence in the system. Balance is a very important aspect of the off icial version of law, which is represented by the blindfolded maiden who balances and weighs justice.The players in the court must portray this balance by obtaining good relations within the court, in order to avoid incivility in the courtroom, to keep it from imploding (Manarin). Incivility in the courtroom may undermine the right to a fair trial, which causes the public to lose confidence in the administration of justice.. I was also able to observe civility in the courtroom because despite how I found the Crown attorney’s tone and behaviour to be somewhat rude, she was still able to address her opponent as ‘my fellow partner’ even though they do not necessarily work as a team considering they are adversary officials.She addressed her opponent in this manner in order to maintain civility in the courtroom in order to reach a verdict to her satisfaction. Considering that the Crowns attorney behaviour in the courtroom was very stern and aggressive, and she fought very effectively to reach a verdict which would cause the accused to remain in custody it does not suggest that she is an impartial player who is not focused on winning the case. However, it is important to recognize that in his circumstance the prosecutors approach did reflect her interest in protecting the best interest for society, considering that her psychological analysis stated that she was a danger. With this being said, if civility and morality plays protray a certain story that is supposed to be presented to the public, this makes one question to whether laws are essentially reflective of a shared morality, independently decided among a group, or whether officials have formulated this morality through their practices.The conflict that arises when questioning this is that as Hay argued, no matter what the law says, it may have little to do with what the law does(2004). This means that despite what the law says, officials in our criminal justice system have many differences which affect whether the law is distributed proportionately among individuals. These differences include: authority, discretionary power and the primary goals that their job requires. The outcome of how the law is distributed among individuals form specific ideologies and creates an overrepresentation in the system of certain groups to which these individuals belong too.Police practices have an effect to how the law is distributed because of how their practices have a major effect on what is defined as a crime, who is caught up and the net and brought into the system (October 20th 2009). Police practices are influenced by a police subculture which consists of informal factors that affect their behaviour, reflective of shared norms, beliefs and values that differ from the larger culture around them (MacAlister, 2004). This police subculture causes their discretionary power to target those belonging to minority groups, due to perpetuated ideologies against certain groups.The outcome o f this causes these groups to become overrepresented in the system (October 20th 2009). I was able to observe that police practices governed by ideologies is a notion that is believed by citizens who feel they have become victims of police practices such as, racial profiling. I observed this in the last case when the witness was expressing how the accused has felt targeted by the police due to their victimization of minority groups. This is supported by Brannigans argument, â€Å"Just as the fisherman does not cast his net randomly, neither do the police (1984).It is important to recognize that these minorities experience these negative ideologies against them throughout all aspects of their lives, which usually causes them to belong to a lower economic status group. This puts them at a greater disadvantage in the court process, to those minorities who are most commonly one-shot players that receive legal aid workers, who have little time for investigative preparation. Their succes s in court reflects this as these lawyers receive a dismissal of charges in 8% of cases compared to 39% of cases in privately retained counsels (Brannigan, 1984).It is most commonly those belonging to minority groups who receive legal aid workers because they also belong to the lower economic status of society. Considering legal aid workers do not have many successful cases, and most of their clients belong to minority groups, it is reasonable to say that this is another cause to their overrepresentation in the system. Therefore, police discretion comes into conflict with the overrepresentation of certain groups due to how policing behaviour and practices are regulated by the priorities they serve to the community.The police are the most visible aspects of the criminal justice system, therefore they must be perceived as the most effective, which they achieve by being tough on crime (MacAlister, 2004). As a consequence, due to perpetuated ideologies against certain groups that are em bedded in police subculture define their behaviour and practices cause certain groups become overrepresented in the system. This portrays how police behaviour, practices and priorities contradict the official version of law in the aspect that it is supposed to be impartial and blind to difference.

Apple’s iPhone Price Cut Consumers’ Reaction

Apple Inc. (Apple) was established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976, engaged in producing, selling and supporting a wide range of personal computers, portable media players, mobile phones, computer software, computer hardware and hardware accessories (Apple Store). The company is always known for its strive for delivering new and improved products and find innovative means of marketing and strategies of human resource management. Since its inception, the firm has been enjoying a prominent place among the players in the computer industry with most successful marketing strategies and innovative products and services. The company is a US – based multinational corporation that focuses on design and manufacture of consumer electronics and closely related software products. The company was established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976, engaged in designing, developing, selling and supporting a wide range of personal computers, portable media players, mobile phones, computer software, computer hardware and hardware accessories. Till 2007, the firm opened around 200 retail stores across five countries and one online store through which hardware and software products are being sold (Retail Stores). In the year 2008, the firm was awarded the best corporate performer organized by the famous business magazine, Business Week. (Best Performer Award 2008). iPhone: A Revolutionary Invention The mobile phone technology made its beginning in the mid 20th century. In the opinion of Robert Conway (Conway), the head of, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Association â€Å"Mobile phones are becoming absolutely indispensable in the developing world†. It was in Sweden the first mobile service introduced in the form of radio telephony which was two-way radio; used in taxis and police cruisers as tested by Swedish police. Then in 1946, first commercial mobile service for use in communication devices was launched by American AT&T and South-western Bell. It was only in 1970s the ‘modern’ mobile phones were developed, researched and experimented. Thereafter from 1980s, it attracted more and more consumers as a result the growth in the mobile phone industry was tremendous. In 2003 the number of mobile phone users around the world reached to 1. 52 billion. So the mobile phone technology is experiencing fast growth and making greater sophisticated one. The mobile users were also benefited from security systems and surveillances. Conway also stated that,† â€Å"The technology is a gravitational force that brings into its orbit a huge amount of innovators. † The trend in the mobile phones users in the developing nations never showed a negative trend but instead it always showed a positive trend. For estimating the target market in mobile technologies and services, it is necessary to have proper knowledge regarding consumers live style and their demand because as the consumers passes through different stages their interest levels, usage patterns, spending habits, and brand preferences for mobile and other technological products and services constantly changes. So a good e. g. to give is iPod a revolutionary model of Apple bringing bundle of digital music’s introduced by the Apple company in order to exploit maximum home computer market. With this iPod, the company created user friendly product so that the users could download music from the Internet to the player and used technological expertise to improve their product based on consumer needs. The analyst Richard Jameson, GfK NOP said,† Apple's history proves that it has the magic touch when it comes to product development and marketing†. There after Apple introduced by totally redesigning iPod a small sized that changed the rules for the entire portable music market named iPod nano. This introduction made no changes in the market for iPod and continued as Apple’s monopoly product. As the competition rose between various devices in market, the iPod nano became the most fashionable product of Apple, made a stiff move with many optional accessories including lanyard headphones. There was a price-cut in iPod nanos i. e. Its 4 GB version was priced at $149, which was $50 below the cost of current version having a similar memory and the 8 GB version was priced $199 lower than current model which resulted its success, so the Apple thought of launching iPhone by combining iPod and mobile phone in order to meet its design and user interface with consumers and proved to be number one in the market. This gadget was launched on June 29, 2007 and revolutionized the tech-savvy market. It also entered highly volatile cell phone market combining telephony, MP3, web surfing and video watching. The iPhone was the most awaited gadget by technology enthusiasts and mainstream media. It wants to reach top during holiday season of 2007 than the previous year’s 2121 million units and the way it interacted its consumers succeeded it to reach the top. Exhibit 1) describes the features of iPhone as: it has got2-megapixel camera, headset and audio jacks, an iPod dock, Wi-Fi, stereo Bluetooth and a speakerphone; weight is about 135 g little heavier than standard mobile phone but lighter than many devices having QWERTY keyboard; its thin design has a touch screen that allow users to use on-screen soft keys to dial numbers, enter web addresses and type e-mails and text messages; it makes more appealing to the less tech-savvy users because of touch screen that helps for all menu navigation an d data entry from typing messages to dialing phone numbers; it can also support digital-music player that syncs with iTunes; the Apple’s voicemail system provides visual interface that allow users to pick messages as the wants to listen; finally it has built-in rechargeable battery that allow users to talk up to eight hours and standby time up to 250 hours but browser sessions on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), depletes its battery rapidly, however if the iPhone is used as an iPod music player by users its life would be shortened. Apple iPhone also possesses unique features that perform its most functions with single contract and able to standby long time. It also has supportive functions of like multi tasking where the user can read a web page while downloading e-mail in the background over Wi-Fi or Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). Here interface is unique with large multi-touch display and innovative new software that allows controlling everything by finger on touch screen. It also combined the features of multiple tools into one handheld device to appear as the grid of colorful icons, with the four chief functions—Phone, Mail, Safari web browser and iPod—in a separate strip along the bottom. These all sophisticated features made iPhone a much sought after device and enjoyed a top position in the market (Exhibit 2) in spite of its acute competition from the top mobile players having overlapping features. The combined features of iPod music and video player with mobile telephone, the iPhone was available through AT&T Wireless Services. But it was locked by the service provider AT&T in its two-year service agreement. The consumers in India could not use iPhones in their home town even they have purchased from US or UK, because of reloading software. The demand for iPhones rated greater than any other product of Apple. In the opinion of iSuppli, the best-selling handset among the 2, 70,000 smart phones and featured phones sold to US consumers during the beginning of month in July 2007 is iPhone. Even market analyst pointed that Apple created a strong brand and customer Market analysts pointed out that Apple had created a strong brand and customer loyalty by following a skimming price strategy and customers are ready to purchase highly priced products now and in future with equanimity. iPhone: Banking on Pricing The iphone entered the market a month with stock of 3, 00,000 and a manufacturing capacity of 1, 50,000. Their version 8 GB was available for $399 in the US through Apple's retail and online stores and AT&T retail stores but 4 GB version were sold till the supplies lasted. To make it affordable to customers, Apple launched more iPhones during holiday seasons. The launching of Apple iPod in October 2001 is a success story which was priced at$349 (as of 2007) for 160 GB lower than a MP3 player and remained popular by gaining high demand till date though there was a price rise in 2005. Later another product named ipod shuffle with 512 MB, was introduced having unique appeal with a price at $99 and $149 for 1 GB. The analyst at Jupiter Research Joe Wilcox analyzed that the lower-priced iPod is part and parcel of Apple's new mass-market strategy, and before September 2007 it wanted its one-millionth piece to be sold. Similar to the price cut of the iPod, the Apple after two months decision to cut the price of 8 GB storage iPhone from $599 to $399 on September 5, 2007 showed a good response from many quarters. In accordance to Steve Wozniak, Cofounder of Apple Computers, remarked, â€Å"Nobody expects a product to drop that much in price in such a short time† and criticized Steve Jobs (Jobs) the chief executive of Apple Inc. , for his decision to price cut of iPhone by $200 within 68 days of its launch. He also said that Jobs has received letter on the company’s website and complaints from hundreds of customers acknowledging that Apple has disappointed some of its customers through price cut of iPhone's 8-gigabyte model. According to Apple executives the plan for price cut was done long ago and hoped it would keep the iPhone's pricing in line with its new iPod Touch. But this price cut suggested that Apple which long lived in a pricing bubble insulated from other personal computer makers was not different from the brutal pressures of the cellular phone business. Van Baker, an industry analyst at Gartner Group said that. â€Å"My suspicion is that they got to 7, 50,000 really quickly, and then it started to slow down†. This price cut dropped down the share price of Apple by 5% and stood at $136. 76 on September 5, 2007. Protests against Apple went to the extent of consumers filing cases against the company. Dongmei Li (Li) a customer of Apple filed a case on September 24, 2007 in the US District Court, against the company for violating price discrimination laws claiming that it should stop selling the $499 4 GB model. Li had waited for the launch of iPhone and then found that the store only had 4 GB iPhones in stock and had subsequently purchased one. Much to her charging, Apple then slashed the price of the 8 GB iPhone and stopped selling the 4 GB model. 100s of customers like Li who paid the full price did not expect the sudden reduction and complained bitterly. Apple, however, had no financial reason to cut prices, but to gain more customers during the holiday season. By the end of September 2007, Apple had sold 1. 4 million iPhones and also launched the device in the UK, Germany, and France. In Asia and Australia iPhone was scheduled to be released during 2008 (Exhibit 3). While the company was dealing with the price cut controversy, its competitors were working on developing models that could compete with the iPhone. Apple's competitor LG was working on iPhone `killers', its new product Prada phone KE850 will attempt to offer unbeatable combinations of style, features and price. It costs ?300 ($614). Nokia with its N800 was already a tough competitor to Apple's iPhone with a niche market. The iPhone price cut caught the media attention in a big way and raised questions about the device's continued success. However, there are also some advantages to Apple's price cut (Exhibit 5). The price cut has raised the question as to whether Apple needed to stimulate demand as it is the most valued gadget in history, by reducing the price drastically soon after its release. Experts observe that Apple is switching from a price-skimming strategy to market penetration strategy. They felt that it would be able to expand market share more rapidly and competitive barriers could be strengthened through the change in strategy (IPod: Factors of Success). In spite of its popularity, the iPhone is said to suffer a few shortcomings. Apple iPhone lacks some features like user-changeable battery, voice dialing, voice recording, video recording, instant messaging, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), copy and paste and common Bluetooth file transfer OBject EXchange (OBEX). It is hard to use the on-screen keyboard because of its small sized surface. Further, the iPhone is available only through AT&T service provider and not through third parties. It comes with a two-year service agreement in the US. In countries like India even if iPhones are purchased customers cannot use them, as they have to reload the software to use it. Many users opine that though it boasts of a very clear and sharp screen, Apple's user interface is finger driven and the screen rapidly becomes covered in unsightly fingerprints (Ziegler). Apart from these limitations, Apple had to tackle the consequent criticism following the price cut of the iPhone Stephen Hoch, marketing professor at Wharton University, observed, â€Å"The reversal on Apple's iPhone may have been more dramatic because the company has marketed itself as consumer friendly. People have strong positive feelings about Apple. They feel they are part of the Apple family. When Jobs announced the price decrease, people felt betrayed†. According to Wharton faculty and analysts, the iPhone episode reveals the perils of pricing in a marketplace where constant innovation, fierce competition and globalization are changing the rules of the game (Smart pricing boosts revenue). John Zhang, marketing professor at Wharton University, said, â€Å"The product lifecycle is short and the market is moving quickly. You don't have a lot of time to learn from your mistakes. You have to price the product right the first time†. Jobs, while speaking to reporters, defended his move stating that his price cut was directed to attract new customers in the holiday season with more aggressive pricing. He added that it benefits both Apple and every iPhone user to get as many new customers as possible in the iPhone `tent'. Jobs observed, â€Å"†¦even though we are making the right decision to lower the price of iPhone, and even though the technology road is bumpy, we need to do a better job taking care of our early iPhone customers as we aggressively go after new ones with a lower price. Our early customers trusted us, and we must live up to that trust with our actions in moments like these. † Greg Joswiak, Apple's worldwide vice president of iPod and iPhone product marketing, also agreed with Jobs and observed that there was no better time for the price cut and he also added that it was that time of the year that was most important and an opportunity to come into the holidays with a fresh and aggressive product line (Ziegler). Work Cited Aaker, Kumar, Day George, and Kumar V. Marketing Research. 2nd Edition, John Wiley ; Sons, Inc., 2000 Apple Retail Store, â€Å"Interior Design of Apple Retail Store in the US, Apple Inc â€Å". Apple Inc. 16 June 2009 ;www.apple.com/retail ;. Apple Store, â€Å"Store information: Apple Inc â€Å". Apple Inc. 17 June 2009 ;http://store.apple.com/us ;. Apple Changes Strategies, Apple Changes Strategies for iPhone and iPode Touch Devices†, Apple Inc â€Å". Apple Inc. 16 June 2009 ;www.enbite.com/apple-changes-strategies-for-iphone-and-ipode-touch-devices/ ;. Best Performer Award 2008, â€Å"Best Performer Award 2008†. Apple Inc. 17 June 2009 ;http://search.businessweek.com/Search?i=1;page=2;resultsperpage=20;searchterm=best+corporate+performers+2008;sortby=relevance;u1=searchterm;. Hawkins, D I, Best R J, and Coney K A. Consumer Behaviour: Implications for Marketing Strategy. Homewood: Boston, 1989. IPod: Factors of Success, â€Å"Big Apple†. Apple Inc. 17 June 2009 ;www.korekalibre.wordpress.com/category/successfulpioneers ;. Mahajan, Vijay, Muller Eitan, and Bass Frank M, A New Product Diffusion Models in Marketing – Review and Directions for Research. Journal of Marketing, ; Self Service Account Program, â€Å"Self Service Account Program†. Apple Inc. 16 June 2009 ;http://www.apple.com/support/programs/ ;. Ziegler Chris, â€Å"The Apple iPhone†. Apple Inc. 17 June 2009 ;www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/the-apple-iphone ;.

The nurses' responsability in the prevention of medication errors Essay

The nurses' responsability in the prevention of medication errors - Essay Example With the number of law suits rising in the country regarding medical malpractices, the quality of care needs not be assumed, and must at all times be considered as a crucial aspect in medical practice (Reason, 2000). The author continues to argue that medical practitioners have faced disciplinary issues, shame and threats due to malpractices. Nurses’ role Since nurses are major players in offering medical care, they are concerned with the health of an individual from the onset of medication to the end (Cohen, 2007). In light to this argument, it is argued that nurses play the major role of ensuring that they understand the major factors that lead to errors in the medical provision. This role of prevention of errors is crucial in the prevention of medical errors (Cohen, 2007). Among these errors are inclusive of incorrect calculations of medical dosages, improper consultations, inexperience, and failure to adhere to the set protocols amongst others (Cohen, 2007). With these ave nues of medical errors in place, the quality of medical service is then jeopardized. In this case, the nurse should play the major role of ensuring that they minimize the avenues of cropping up of medical errors as possible. A good example is that of the nurses’ conversance with the FEMA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) that has been instrumental in alleviating chemotherapy errors (Hartranft, Sheridan-Leos & Schulmeister, 2006). Nurses are able to come up with thoughts on how to safeguard the safety of the patient care. Despite the fact that, Cohen (2007) indicates that the nurses are mostly forced by the management to cause some of these errors, they are should be on the frontline to ensure that they minimize as many challenges as they can. Secondly, in the medical setting, they must have vast experimental knowledge in the concerned field (Cohen, 2007). This allows the nurses have a big picture of the entire case, always counter check the medical history of a patient prior to making any form of conclusion (Cima, ?2011). This means that, the nurse is able to offer assistance by advocating for patient’s safety; thus, prevention of the occurrence of any form of delay in the institution. In this case, Cima (?2011) indicates that team work is possible, as well as involving leadership as a theme that allows nurses describe the various mechanisms of dealing with nurses’ errors. Thirdly, the nurses play the role of discovering the number and type of errors they make in the course of duty. As argued by Hwang et. al (2008), a majority of the errors made by nurses are inclusive of poor breakdown of workflow, which emanates from wrong identification of the patients, and using the wrong information on another patient (Patel et al., 2008). Besides that, it is also possible that the nurses mis-transfuse blood, which may cause adverse haemolytic reaction among the patients in question (Mole et. al, 2007). In the work of Bates and Kim (2006) and Escoto et. al (2008), nurses have a major role of correcting medical errors. This is possible by devising a medical error reporting system in the health institutio

How Souls Move Bodies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How Souls Move Bodies - Essay Example Elisabeth asks Descartes to clarify the interaction problem. The problem constitutes dualism as a central point of controversy. The fact that something, which does not have the physical property, interacts causally with physical objects is the central theme of conflict. Elisabeth inquires why thoughts in the mind can cause action in the physical body. She argues that anything that affects the physical body must also be physical and have extension and mass.  In responding to Elisabeth, he attributes the existing confusion to the use of notions that differentiate the mind and the body to explain the interaction between the two aspects. He uses an analogy of an individual who considers heaviness an actual thing that causes an object to fall. From this analogy, Descartes derives his conclusion that people are a misapplying concept. In the second reply, he says that Elisabeth should feel free to attribute extension and matter to the soul. He continues to argue that she will conceive of the union of the body and the mind if she does so. In summary, he avoids giving a precise answer to the prompt.  Descartes’ reply is unsatisfactory. It leaves more prompts than answers. Without the extension of the soul, how will people’s perception of it in that context explain the problem of interaction? Additionally, if people are to conceive of the union of the soul and body, it will mean that we perceive some causal connection. Therefore, it is harder to conceive of it as instructed by Descartes.

Regulatory Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Regulatory Theory - Essay Example In fact, before these far-reaching reforms, telecommunication service provision remained a monopoly of state corporations or in rare cases, was monopolized by private entities. Due to the fact that the provider of telecommunication services in most cases was the government, the regulation of this sector was never quite independent since, all the policy-making and regulatory powers lay with the government and its agencies (Welfens, 2010). Therefore, the management of telecommunication frequencies and the responsibility of operating networks were a preserve of the government of the day (Davidson et al., 1986). For many developed countries, this classical approach to ICT management was quite profitable for some time, given that the increased international tariffs for telecommunication services covered for the subsidized local tariffs. In addition, with the decreased telecommunication cost that resulted from technological advances, the classical approach to ICT operations did well for mo st developed countries (Welfens, 2010). Unfortunately for the developing and the underdeveloped countries and regions, the classical approach to ICT operation did not work well. The reason for this scenario being that these countries’ networks were somehow restricted to major cities and towns, implying that only the middle and high socioeconomic status citizens could access and utilise ICT services in these countries. While the low socioeconomic status citizen had to make do with poor quality telecommunication services and long waiting lists, the high-income end of the population were advantaged by the cross-subsidisation of ICT prices (Welfens, 2010). Regrettably, the classical approach to ICT regulation did not generate investment income for the developed and the developing countries alike. During the 1980s and the 1990s, the role of telecommunication in the economic growth of countries and the entire world became rather apparent, leading to the development of a number of r egulatory and competition polices, even though to a limited extent, in many countries (Koops et al., 2006). Besides, regulating competition, the regulatory and competition policies were expected to instill dynamism, innovativeness, augment availability, accessibility and increase ICT choices and lower tariffs for customers. The first effect of the wave of ICT reforms that peaked in the 1990s was the privatisation of telecommunication service operators. The second effect of the ICT regulatory policies was the introduction of new varieties of services such as mobile telephony and value-added services (Koops et al., 2006). This paper thus explores the need for the regulation of ICT, whether regulation works in the interests of the public and the implications of convergence and innovation on ICT regulation. The Importance of Regulation That the core role of regulation in any industry is to enable sustainability, growth and development is quite apparent and cannot be overemphasized. Ther efore, the information and communication technology sector, like the other sectors of an economy, requires a strong legal framework and regulatory mechanisms to function for the betterment of the public. A number of reasons have since been identified to underlie the need for the regulation of information communication and technology. Generally, ICT the need for ICT regulation arises from the recently observed structural changes in the communication industry. The transformation of the industry from a monopoly to a competitive one in many a country has particularly necessitated its stronger regulation (Baldwin et al., 2012). Therefore, the regulation of the ICT sector has been particularly important in the creation of an effective environment for fair competition that supports both